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Abu Rayhan Biruni
 Al Biruni on a 1973 Afghan post stamp commemorating his one thousandth anniversary. | |
| Name: | Abū Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad Bīrunī |
| Title: | Abu-Rayhan Biruni |
| Birth: | 15 September 973 AD |
| Death: | 13 December 1048 AD |
| Ethnicity: | Persian |
| Maddhab: | Shia Islam |
| School tradition: | Imami |
| Main interests: | Anthropology, astrology, astronomy, chemistry, comparative sociology, geodesy, geology, history, mathematics, medicine, philosophy, pharmacology, physics, psychology, science |
| Notable ideas: | Father of anthropology, geodesy and Indology. Founder of experimental mechanics and experimental astronomy. Pioneer of experimental psychology. Contributed to many other fields of knowledge. |
| Works: | Ta'rikh al-Hind, The Mas'udi Canon, Understanding Astrology, and many other books |
| Influences: | Aristotle, Ptolemy, Aryabhata, Muhammad, Brahmagupta, Rhazes, al-Sijzi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Avicenna |
| Influenced: | Al-Sijzi, Avicenna, Omar Khayyam, al-Khazini, Zakariya al-Qazwini, Maragha observatory, Islamic science, Islamic philosophy |
Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (Persian: ابوریحان محمد بن احمد بیرونی) (born 15 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni, today's Afghanistan) was a Persian[1][2][3] polymath[4] scholar of the 11th century.
He was a scientist and physicist, an anthropologist and comparative sociologist, an astronomer and chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveler, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and psychologist, an Islamic philosopher and theologian, and a scholar and teacher.
He was the first Muslim scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition,[5] and has been described as the founder of Indology,[6] the father of geodesy, and "the first anthropologist".[7] He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method,[8] and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics[9] and mineralogy, a pioneer of comparative sociology[10] and experimental psychology,[11] and the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena.[12][13]
George Sarton, the father of the history of science, described Biruni as "one of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times."[14] A. I. Sabra described Biruni as "one of the great scientific minds in all history."[15]
The crater Al-Biruni on the Moon is named after him. Tashkent Technical University (formerly Tashkent Polytechnic Institute) is also named after Abu Rayhan al-Biruni.
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